Cervical cancer is a malignant neoplasm arising from cells originating in the cervix. One of the most common symptoms of cervical cancer is abnormal vaginal bleeding, but in some cases, there may be no obvious symptoms until the cancer has progressed to an advanced stage. Cervical cancer is a disease in which cells in the cervix become malignant (cancerous).
The two main types of cells covering the cervix are squamous cells (on the exocervix) and glandular cells (on the endocervix). The place where these two cell types meet is called the transformation zone. Most cancers start in the transformation zone of the cervix (American Cancer Society; National Cancer Institute; CANSA).
Pap smear – This is a procedure whereby cells from the surface of the cervix are collected. The cells are viewed under a microscope, after staining, to find out if the cells are abnormal. This procedure is also called a Pap test. It is short for Papanicolaou (1947) with reference to George Nicholas Papanicolaou (1883-1962), a Greek-born United States anatomist who developed the technique of staining and examining collected cells to test for cervical cancer (Dictionary.Com). Pap smears are done to screen for pre-cancer. Minimum window period is 10 years. Screening takes about 12 minutes to screen one patient.
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Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Test – A laboratory test used to check DNA for certain types of HPV infection. Cells are collected from the cervix and checked to find out if an infection is caused by a type of HPV that is linked to cervical cancer. It is also called the HPV DNA Test. This is a very sensitive test. If someone is less than 25 years of age, they should not have an HPV test but continue with pap smear screenings regularly because the risk isn’t high enough to detect the pre-cancer cells or cervical lesions.
Co-testing – Cytology and HPV testing is the safest screening. Once you get a negative result, then it is negative for the 14 strains.
Colposcopy – A procedure in which a colposcope (a lighted, magnifying instrument) is used to check the vagina and cervix for abnormal areas.
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Biopsy – A sample of tissue is cut from the cervix and viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer, often referred to as cone biopsy.
Once a woman is diagnosed with cervical cancer, the medical practitioner will order more tests to determine how far the cancer has spread. This is part of staging and may include:
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Cervical Screening Programme
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Risk Of Cervical Cancer Can Be Reduced With Regular Exams And Check Ups
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Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads.Cervical cancer originates in the cervix, a connective tissue at the lower portion of the uterus connecting to the vagina. Each year, about 14, 000 women in the United States learn they have cervical cancer. Cervical cancer is one of the most common types to affect a woman’s reproductive organs. Most cases of cervical cancer are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV).
Before cervical cancer appears, the cells of the cervix go through precancerous changes known as dysplasia, abnormal cell growth that has the potential to spread around the body. It is these abnormal cell changes that an annual Pap test can help to detect. For some women, these changes may go away without any treatment. More often, they need to be treated to keep them from changing into cancer.
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Because so many women do have Pap tests annually, deaths from cervical cancer have decreased greatly and are now rare in the United States. Chances of successfully treating cervical cancer are highest when detected early.
Early cervical cancer usually has no noticeable symptoms, but it can be detected with yearly check-ups that include getting a Pap test to check for abnormal cells in the cervix.
There are two main types of cervical cancer each developing in different tissue. The most common (about 80 to 90 percent) are squamous cell carcinomas. The other 10 to 20 percent are adenocarcinomas.
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Squamous cell carcinoma develops in the lining of the cervix. Adenocarcinoma develops in gland cells that produce cervical mucus. There is some controversy over whether patients with adenocarcinoma of the cervix have a worse prognosis than those with squamous cell carcinoma. Some types of adenocarcinoma are aggressive and are associated with a poor outcome.
The most important factor of prognosis is the stage of the cancer. The stage will determine the treatment options and outcomes. Treatment options are the same regardless if a cervical cancer is squamous or adenocarcinoma.
A sexually transmitted virus called the human papillomavirus (HPV) causes almost all cases of cervical cancer. HPV usually goes away by itself. Most people with HPV never even know they have it. But sometimes an HPV infection can cause problems. HPV can be categorized into two groups: low risk and high risk. Some high-risk types of HPV may stimulate the growth of precancerous cells in the cervix. If these abnormal cells are not found and treated, they may become cancerous.
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Two of the high-risk strains are HPV 16 and HPV 18. Two of the low-risk strains are HPV 6 and HPV 11. The HPV vaccine, Gardasil®, protects against these four strains. HPV 16 and HPV 18 account for about 70 percent of all cervical cancers, as well as, a smaller percentage of vaginal and vulvar cancers.
Studies are being conducted to develop vaccines to prevent the remaining 30 percent of cervical cancers. Some low-risk strains, such as HPV 6 and HPV 11 can cause genital warts, but do not cause cervical cancer. These low-risk strains account for about 90 percent of genital warts.
We respect your privacy. Cookies help us give you a better experience on our site. By continuing to use this website, you accept and agree to such use of cookies.The cervix is the lower part of the womb also known as uterine cervix. The cervix connects the body of the uterus to the vagina (birth canal). The cervix is about 2-3 centimetres in length.
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Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among Indian women. One woman dies of cervical cancer every 8 minutes in India.
• Human papillomaviruses (HPV) infection: Infection by the human papillomaviruses (HPV) is the most important risk factor for cervical cancer. Not all types of HPV cause cervical cancer. Some of them cause genital warts, but other types may not cause any infections
• Many sexual partners. The greater your number of sexual partners and the greater your partner's number of sexual partners, the greater your chance of acquiring HPV and hence cervical cancer.
Cervical Cancer Symptoms And Causes
• Early sexual activity. Becoming sexually active at a young age (especially younger than 18 years old) increases your risk of HPV.
• Co-infection with HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). Women living with HIV are 6 times more likely to develop cervical cancer compared to women without HIV.
• Having a family history of cervical cancer. Cervical cancer may run in some families. If your mother or sister had cervical
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