Anatomy of the digestive tract. The digestive tract is made up of organs that food and liquids travel through when they are swallowed, digested, absorbed, and leave the body as feces. These organs include the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.
Childhood stomach is a very rare that starts in the cells lining the stomach. The stomach is an organ on the left side of the upper abdomen that digests food. The stomach is part of the digestive tract, a series of hollow, muscular organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus. The digestive tract processes nutrients in foods that are eaten and helps pass waste material out of the body:
Childhood stomach is caused by certain changes to the way stomach cells function, especially how they grow and divide into new cells. Often, the exact cause of the cell changes is unknown. To learn more about how develops, see What Is ?
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A risk factor is anything that increases the chance of getting a disease. Not every child with a risk factor will develop stomach , and it will develop in some children who don't have a known risk factor.
It may not be clear from the family medical history whether a child with stomach has an inherited condition that increased their risk. Genetic testing may help explain why a child develops a rare or a that is usually seen in adults, such as stomach . Genetic counselors and other specially trained health professionals can discuss your child's diagnosis and your family's medical history to help you understand:
Genetic counselors can also help you cope with your child’s genetic testing results, including how to discuss the results with family members.
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Many children do not have symptoms of stomach until the has spread. It’s important to check with your child’s doctor if your child has any symptoms below:
These symptoms may be caused by conditions other than childhood stomach . The only way to know is to see your child’s doctor. The doctor will ask you when the symptoms started and how often your child has been having them as a first step in making a diagnosis.
If your child has symptoms that suggest stomach , the doctor will need to find out if they are due to or another condition. The doctor will ask about your child’s personal and family medical history and do a physical exam. Depending on these results, they may recommend tests to find out if your child has stomach .
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The following tests and procedures are used to diagnose stomach . The results will also help you and your child’s doctor plan treatment.
Computed tomography (CT) scan. The child lies on a table that slides through the CT scanner, which takes a series of detailed x-ray pictures of areas inside the body.
A CT scan uses a computer linked to an x-ray machine to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body from different angles. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.
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Upper endoscopy is a procedure to look inside the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (first part of the small intestine) to check for abnormal areas. An endoscope is passed through the mouth and down the throat into the esophagus. An endoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue or lymph node samples (biopsy), which are checked under a microscope for signs of .
To learn about the type of information that can be found in a pathologist's report about the cells or tissue removed during a biopsy, see Pathology Reports.
Barium swallow is a series of x-rays of the esophagus and stomach. The patient drinks a liquid that contains barium (a silver-white metallic compound). The liquid coats the esophagus and stomach, and x-rays are taken. This procedure is also called an upper GI series.
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You may want to get a second opinion to confirm your child’s stomach diagnosis and treatment plan. If you seek a second opinion, you will need to get important medical test results and reports from the first doctor to share with the second doctor. The second doctor will review the pathology report, slides, and scans before giving a recommendation. The doctor who gives the second opinion may agree with the first doctor, suggest changes or another approach, or provide more information about your child’s .
To learn more about choosing a doctor and getting a second opinion, see Finding Health Care Services. You can contact NCI’s Information Service via chat, email, or phone (both in English and Spanish) for help finding a doctor or hospital that can provide a second opinion. For questions you might want to ask at your appointments, see Questions to Ask Your Doctor about .
If your child has been diagnosed with stomach , you may have questions about how serious the is and your child’s chances of survival. The likely outcome or course of a disease is called prognosis. The prognosis can be affected by whether the has spread to other parts of the body at the time of diagnosis and how well the responds to treatment. Your child’s oncology care team is in the best position to talk with you about your child’s prognosis.
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Stage describes the extent of in the body, such as the size of the tumor, whether it has spread, and how far it has spread from where it first formed. There is no staging system used for childhood stomach , but the tests and procedures done to diagnose the are also used to help plan treatment.
There are different types of treatment for children and adolescents with stomach . You and your child’s care team will work together to decide treatment. Many factors will be considered, such as your child’s overall health and whether the is newly diagnosed or has come back.
A pediatric oncologist, a doctor who specializes in treating children with , will oversee treatment. The pediatric oncologist works with other pediatric health professionals who are experts in treating children with and who specialize in certain areas of medicine. This may include the following specialists and others:
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Your child’s treatment plan will include information about the , the goals of treatment, treatment options, and the possible side effects. It will be helpful to talk with your child’s care team before treatment begins about what to expect. For help every step of the way, see our downloadable booklet, Children with : A Guide for Parents.
Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cells or keep them from growing. Stomach is sometimes treated with external beam radiation therapy. This type of radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the area of the body with . Radiation therapy may be given alone or with other treatments, such as chemotherapy.
Chemotherapy (also called chemo) uses drugs to stop the growth of cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. Chemotherapy may be given alone or with other types of treatment, such as radiation therapy.
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For stomach , the chemotherapy is injected into a vein. When given this way, the drugs enter the bloodstream to reach cells throughout the body. Chemotherapy drugs used to treat stomach in children are
Most children with are treated in clinical trials or with chemotherapy regimens similar to those given in a clinical trial. Combinations of these drugs may be used. Other chemotherapy drugs not listed here may also be used.
A treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with . Because in children is rare, taking part in a clinical trial should be considered.
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Use our clinical trial search to find NCI-supported clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of , the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment. Clinical trials supported by other organizations can be found on the ClinicalTrials.gov website.
Targeted therapy uses drugs or other substances to block the action of specific enzymes, proteins, or other molecules involved in the growth and spread of cells. Targeted therapy is being studied in clinical trials for the treatment of childhood stomach that has recurred (come back).
Side effects from treatment that begin after treatment and continue for months or years are called late effects. Late effects of treatment may include the following:
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Some late effects may be treated or controlled. It is important to talk with your child's doctors about the possible late effects caused by some treatments.
Some of the tests that were done to diagnose the may
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